An Efficient Womanhood: Women and the Making of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
Natanya Duncan
University of North Carolina Press
From its Kingston, Jamaica, inception in 1914, women helped define and shape the Black Nationalist and Pan-Africanist aims of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Their efforts, made possible in part by UNIA cofounder Amy Ashwood Garvey, helped sustain the largest social justice organization of the twentieth century.